黄土高原梯田和淤地坝坡沟治理措施对产流产沙的协同效应

黄土高原地区的梯田和淤地坝措施发挥了重要的水土保持功能,然而现有的研究主要关注单个措施的减水减沙效应,对坡沟治理措施综合配置协同调控水沙过程的作用一直认识不清。因此,该研究为解析梯田和淤地坝措施对水沙过程的协同调控效应,构建了10个坡沟系统物理模型,设置了对照组（CO）,单一措施组（梯田措施（T0）,4种因淤地坝淤积导致坡沟区域的坡长缩短（L1、L2、L3和L4））和组合措施组（梯田与4种因淤地坝淤积导致坡沟区域的坡长缩短的综合配置（T1、T2、T3和T4））,进行降雨强度为90 mm/h的室内模拟降雨试验,量化不同试验方案下坡沟系统的产流产沙过程。结果表明：1）梯田措施和淤地坝淤积导致坡沟区域坡长缩短均有效调控了坡沟系统的产流产沙过程,梯田能分别减少46.30%～83.59%的径流总量和25.82%～82.41%的泥沙总量,淤地坝导致坡沟区域坡长缩短能分别减少7.87%～33.42%的径流总量和10.20%～30.57%的泥沙总量。2）不同试验方案下坡沟系统的产沙率和产流率之间满足线性关系,而累计产沙量和累计产流量满足幂函数关系。3）综合措施配置发挥了“1+1> 2”的水土保持...     

Hydrological and sediment connectivity under freeze–thaw meltwater compound erosion conditions on a loessal slope

Freeze-thaw processes can influence hydrology, soil erosion, and morphological development by altering the connectivity between active pathways of water and sediment transport. Concentrated flow experiments were conducted involving frozen, shallow thawed, and unfrozen soil slopes under 1, 2, and 4 L/min runoff rates at a temperature of approximately 5 °C. In this study, hydrological connectivity was analysed via the simplified hydrological curve and relative surface connection function. Sediment connectivity was analysed via the sediment structure connectivity and sediment functional connectivity. Results indicated that hydrological connectivity was greatest on frozen slopes (FS), followed by shallow thawed slopes (STS), and unfrozen slopes (UFS) given a constant flow rate. Hydrological connectivity increased with increasing runoff rate for each freeze-thaw condition. Freezing condition and runoff rate exhibited a positive response to the hydrological connectivity. Sediment structure connectivity increased with increasing runoff rate for each slope condition. The ordering of sediment structure connectivity across freeze-thaw condition was that FS was greater than STS while STS was greater than UFS independent of flow rate. Sediment functional connectivity included longitudinal, lateral, and vertical connectivity components. Sediment longitudinal and vertical connectivity indicated a trend of first increasing and then decreasing under the different runoff rates and freeze–thaw conditions. For a given runoff rate, the ordering of sediment longitudinal and vertical connectivity across freeze-thaw condition was that FS was greater than STS while STS was greater than UFS. Sediment lateral connectivity exhibited a trend of first decreasing and then stabilizing. The ordering of sediment lateral connectivity across freeze-thaw condition was that UFS was greater than STS while STS was greater than FS. FS could more easily reach longitudinal and vertical penetration. Sediment longitudinal and vertical connectivity rates demonstrated increasing trends with increasing runoff rate after runoff generation stabilization and gradually approached unity. This research further improves our understanding of the hydrological and erosional mechanisms of meltwater and the generation of flooding in frozen soil conditions.     

女贞子、五味子、四君子汤和大豆黄酮对蛋鸡在热应激状态下抗氧化功能的影响

试验选用59周龄海兰褐蛋鸡96只,随机分为6个处理组,试验1～3组分别添加1%的女贞子、五味子和四君子汤,试验4组添加10mg/kg的大豆黄酮,试验5组添加5mg/kg黄霉素,试验6组为对照组。研究这几种中草药及大豆黄酮对蛋鸡在热应激状态下抗氧化功能的影响及其机理,同时比较这几种中草药、大豆黄酮和黄霉素的作用效果,试验期为4周。鸡舍内平均温度为(32.0±0.5)℃,相对湿度为50%～70%。结果表明:1)女贞子、五味子、四君子汤和大豆黄酮显著提高了热应激状态下蛋鸡的产蛋率(P<0.05),女贞子和五味子显著降低料蛋比(P<0.05)。2)女贞子、五味子、四君子汤和大豆黄酮能显著降低蛋鸡组织、血清和蛋黄中脂质过氧化物含量,表明这几种药物对热应激引起的蛋鸡脂质过氧化状态有明显改善作用。3)女贞子、五味子、四君子汤、大豆黄酮和黄霉素对蛋鸡组织与血清中过氧化物歧化酶活性无明显影响,但能显著提高谷胱甘肽还原酶活性,表明这几种药物可通过提高GR活性,清除热应激蛋鸡体内LPO,维持机体正常功能状态。4)女贞子、五味子、四君子汤、大豆黄酮和黄霉素对蛋鸡组织与血清中谷胱甘肽含量无明显影响。     

Relationship of percolation stability of soil aggregates to land use, selected properties, structural indices and simulated rainfall erosion

Simple tests of structural stability are needed for evaluating the ease with which soils slake and erode when in contact with water. In a laboratory study, we related the percolation stability (PS) of 22 Nigerian soils to land use, soil properties, structural stability indices and simulated rainfall erosion. All measurements were carried out with the 1–2 mm diameter air-dry aggregates. Land use influenced PS more than the type of soil. Forest soils, bush fallows, mulched, minimally tilled plots and pasture lands had rapid PS (>250 ml/10 min) values, whereas mulched conventionally tilled plots, bare fallows and continuously cultivated plots from where residues were removed by burning had relatively slow to moderate PS values (34–241 ml/10 min). The single most important soil property that correlated positively with PS is organic matter (OM) (r = 0.55^*) followed by total Fe + Al (r = 0.52^*). The significant inverse relationship (r = −0.49^*) between log (PS) and log (pH/OM) indicates a decrease in PS of these acidic, low-OM soils with increasing pH levels. The percent water-stable aggregate (WSA) >0.20 mm diameter, aggregated clay index (AC) and clay dispersion ratio (CDR) correlated weakly with PS. Conversely, the sealing index (SI) (i.e. the ratio of saturated hydraulic conductivity of an uncrusted to that of a crusted soil) had a strong, inverse relationship with PS (r = −0.97^***). These relationships indicate that PS measures the slakability (and not dispersibility) of soils. The relationship between PS and erosion (E) was an exponential decay form, E = 102 e^−0.0043PS (r² = 0.98) and showed that high interrill erosion rates would be expected on soils with PS < 250 ml/10 min. The PS which is simple to measure, is, therefore, a good indicator of structural stability for assessing the potential of these soils to erode.     

马来海松酸聚酯氨基树脂耐热性研究

以马来海松酸和线性小分子二醇为原料,合成马来海松酸聚酯多元醇,再用氨基树脂交联,制备马来海松酸聚酯基树脂。利用热重分析,讨论了了不同原料种类及配比对树脂耐热性的影响。研究结果表明,马来海松酸聚酯多元醇和氨基树脂以及它们的配比直接最终树脂的耐热性。     

模拟降雨条件下角砾和圆砾对陡峭路堑边坡产流产沙的影响

[目的]研究角砾和圆砾对陡峭工程边坡入渗、产流、产沙以及水动力学特征,为青藏高原地区工程边坡土壤侵蚀预测模型与水土保持工作提供一定的理论支撑。[方法]基于青藏高原地区派墨农村公路沿线气候特征及其土质路堑边坡形态和物质组成特征,通过室内人工降雨模拟试验,研究了在强降雨(120 mm/h),大坡度(50°),3种砾石含量(30%,40%,50%)条件下圆砾和角砾坡面宏观侵蚀特征和产流产沙规律。[结果]圆砾坡面平均入渗率高于角砾坡面,平均产流率低于角砾坡面,初始产流时间明显晚于角砾坡面;圆砾和角砾坡面水流流态均属于层流,流型均为急流,圆砾坡面的径流剪切力、径流功率、雷诺数略小于角砾坡面,但弗劳德数远大于角砾坡面,流速大于角砾坡面,阻力系数小于角砾坡面,径流挟沙能力更强;圆砾坡面稳定产沙率约为角砾坡面的2倍,总产沙量比角砾坡面高出约20%。[结论]卵砾石表面光滑,与土壤间贴合不够紧密,形状更容易引起局部湍流,在强降雨条件下,陡峻冲洪积路堑边坡坡面易发育以卵砾石为中心,遍布坡面的环形小细沟,细沟发育数量和产沙量都将大于以棱角状碎块石组成的崩坡积路堑边坡。     

西藏DG水电站工区边坡植被修复效果及生态因子分析

[目的] 探究西藏DG水电站工区内边坡植被修复效果及主导生态因子,为提高工区植被修复成功率,治理水土流失,改善生态环境等提供理论依据和技术支撑。[方法] 以工区内5种不同类型边坡(渣土堆积体、土质、土石混合、岩质、混凝土)为研究对象,选取土壤相对湿度、气温、坡度、坡向为生态因子,通过实地监测和取样分析,采用熵权法计算植被特征(物种多样性、物种丰富度、植被盖度)和土壤肥力(有机质、速效磷、速效氮、速效钾)权重分值,再由综合评价法计算综合得分,并结合极差分析甄选主导生态因子。[结果] 西藏DG水电站工区内渣土堆积体边坡、土质边坡植被修复综合得分最高,均为10.000 0,现场植被修复效果最好,而混凝土边坡植被修复综合得分仅为5.369 0,现场植被修复效果较差;边坡类型不同,各生态因子对其植被修复影响的强弱不同,即土石混合边坡表现为：土壤相对湿度＞坡度＞气温＞坡向,岩质边坡表现为：土壤相对湿度＞气温＞坡度＞坡向,而土质边坡、混凝土边坡、渣土堆积体边坡均表现为：土壤相对湿度＞坡向＞坡度＞气温,但主导生态因子却均为土壤相对湿度。[结论] 影响西藏DG水电站工区内边坡植被修复主导生态因子为土壤相对湿度。不同类型边坡植被修复最优生态因子组合存在较大差异,其中土石混合边坡、岩质边坡、土质边坡、混凝土边坡和渣土堆积体边坡相对湿度和坡度均相同,差异主要体现在坡向和温度两方面。     

暴雨冲击下之坡地破坏及保护

以试验方法,探讨暴雨作用下于不同坡度时,对坡地破坏及保护方式之研究。保护方式分为４类：地下排水、支排水、干砌卵石及浆砌卵石、试验中观测地下水之变化,量测流失之土方、排水量,以及最后破坏之断面,并进行边坡稳定分析,试验结果指出：（１）压实度较小、渗透性较佳之土壤,因地下水渗透,在坡脚产生瞬间坍方。（２）压实度较大,渗透笥较差之土壤,将产生地表径流冲蚀,若无排水或坡地保护措施,将发展成严重的径流冲蚀,     

华南水土流失区崩岗侵蚀地貌系统分析

崩岗侵蚀是华南水土流失区最严重后种水土流失类型。崩岗由崩壁、崩积和冲（洪）积扇３部分,组成三者在发生上具有相关性,并且通过物质的输送和能量和转化共同组成一个完整的侵蚀地貌系统。崩岗侵蚀地貌系统的发育规模通常首先表现出一个Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ增长过程,随后系统的演化可分持续发展、波动、稳定平衡、消亡４种趋势。     

植物根系吸水对非饱和土边坡稳定性影响的分析

为了量化植物根系吸水对非饱和土边坡稳定性的影响及为植被护坡的植物种类选择提供参考,采用COMSOL Multiphysics建立二维边坡,模拟不同根系形态、根长及降雨条件下的根系吸水引起的非饱和土边坡孔隙水压力的分布变化,并采用极限平衡理论对边坡稳定系数进行定量计算.结果表明:指数形根系吸水产生的吸力最大,比裸坡增大4...